THE ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE FORMATION OF THE ISLAMIC CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA DURING THE NINTH–TWELFTH CENTURIES

• Azizbek Amiriddin ugli Ungalov

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This article examines social institutions shaping the Islamic cultural environment of Central Asia from the ninth through twelfth centuries. It identifies interactions among religious and legal networks, knowledge transmission, urban economy, trade, and court patronage. The study applies source criticism, comparative historical analysis, and institutional analysis to six Scopus indexed journal articles. Findings show that under the Samanids, jihad and ribat systems, scholars, and volunteer associations reinforced political legitimacy and normative order. In Bukhara and Samarkand, commerce, coinage, food supply, and palace art provided material foundations for integration. Under the Qarakhanids, Turkic, Persian, and Islamic elements produced a durable regional culture.

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