POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC EXPANSION INTO TRANSOXIANA

• Azizbek Amiriddin ogli Ungalov

  Author

This article examines the political conditions of the early Islamic expansion into Transoxiana. The process is interpreted not merely as military conquest, but through political fragmentation, the agency of local rulers, the role of Khurasan as a military-administrative base, tribute and taxation, Arab administration, alliances, resistance, and the strategies of regional elites. The sources and scholarly literature indicate that Arab-Muslim expansion was not a linear or uniform conquest. It developed through negotiated submission, fiscal dependence, military pressure, shifting coalitions, local accommodation, and gradual incorporation into the Islamic political order. The article argues that the political structure of Transoxiana made conquest difficult, uneven, and historically distinctive.

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